Auszug aus der Ain-i-Akbari

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

His Majesty calls pigeon flying 'ishqbází (love-play). This occupation affords the ordinary run of people a dull kind of amusement; but His Majesty, in his wisdom, makes it a study. He even uses the occupation as a way of reducing unsettled, worldly-minded men to obedience, and avails himself of it as a means productive of harmony and friendship. The amusement which His Majesty derives from the tumbling and flying of the pigeons reminds of the ecstacy and transport of enthusiastic dervishes: he praises God for the wonders of creation. It is therefore from higher motives that he pays so much attention to this amusement.

The pigeons of the present age have reached a high state of perfection. Presents of pigeons are sent by the kings of I´rán and Túrán; but merchants also bring very excellent ones in large numbers.

When His Majesty was very young, he was fond of this amusement; but afterwards, when he grew older and wiser, he discontinued pigeon-flying altogether. But since then, on mature consideration, he has again taken it up.

A well trained pigeon of bluish colour, formerly belonging to the Khán i A'zam Kokaltásh ('Azíz, Akbar's foster-brother) fell into His Majesty's hands. From the care which was bestowed upon it by His Majesty, it has since become the chief of the imperial pigeons, and is known under the name of Mohanah. From it descended several excellent pigeons as Ashkí (the weeper), Parízád (the fairy), Almás (the diamond), and Sháh 'údí (Aloe Royal). Among their progeny again there are the choicest pigeons in the whole world, which have brought the trained pigeons of 'Umar Shaikh Mírzá (father of Bábar), Sulṭán Husain Mírzá (vide p. 101, note 4) into oblivion. Such improvement, in fact, has been made in the art of training, as to astonish the amateurs of I´rán and Túrán, who had to learn the art from the beginning.

In former times pigeons of all kinds were allowed to couple; but His Majesty thinks equality in gracefulness and performance a necessary condition in coupling, and has thus bred choice pigeons. The custom is to keep a male and a female pigeon, if not acquainted with each other, for five or six days together, when they become so familiar, that even after a long separation, they will again recognize each other. The hen generally lays her eggs from eight to twelve days after coupling, or more if she be small or sickly. Pigeons couple in Mihrmáh (September—October), and separate in Farwardín (February–March). A hen lays two eggs, but sometimes only one. The cock will sit upon the eggs by daytime, and the hen during the night, and thus they keep them warm and soft. In winter they hatch for twenty-one days; but if the air be warm, they only take seventeen or eighteen. For about six days, the pigeons feed their young ones with falak, which means grain reduced to pap in the crops of the old ones. Afterwards they feed them from the grain in their crops, which they bring up before it is fully digested. This they continue for about a month, and as soon as they see that the young ones can pick up their own grain, the old ones will go away. Eggs, or even young ones, are sometimes given to other pigeons to take care of. Home bred young ones are trained. Some are kept in a tor (?) till they get stronger, and get acquainted with the place. As soon as these two things have been attained, the pigeons only get one-third or one-fourth of their daily allowance of food. When they have got a little accustomed to hunger, they are gradually allowed to take flights. They take daily about forty hawás (air), i. e. forty flights. At, this period, the trainers pay no regard to what is called charkh and bází (vide below). Of feathers, they count ten, and if eight of them have fallen out, the keepers no longer allow the pigeons to fly, but keep them at rest (khábánìdan). After two months, the pigeons get new feathers, and become very strong. They are then again let off. This is the best time for shewing their skill. As soon as the pigeons learn to perform the bází and the charkh, they are sent to His Majesty for inspection, and are kept for four months in readiness, to exhibit their skill. Charkh is a lusty movement ending with the pigeon throwing itself over in a full circle. If this circular turn be not completely carried out, the movement is called katif (shoulder), and is held in no esteem. Bází is the same as mu'allaq zadan (lying on the back with the feet upwards, and quickly turning round, in Hind. Kalá). Some thought that the two wings (katif) meet, which appears to the observer as if it were a mu'allaq; but His Majesty had one wing of a pigeon blackened, when the erroneousness of that opinion became evident. Some pigeons get confused during the bází and charkh, and come stupified to the ground. This is called gulúlah, and is disliked. Sometimes pigeons hurt themselves and fall down; but often they get all right again when they come near the ground; and taking courage and collecting their strength, they fly up again. A pigeon of the kháçah pigeon cots will perform fifteen charkhs and seventy bázís, a feat which will certainly astonish the spectators. In former times, they let eleven or twenty-one pigeons fly at a time; but now-a-days they let off as many as one hundred and one. From the attention which His Majesty has bestowed upon pigeons, they are now so carefully trained as to be let fly at night, even to great heights.

At the time of departure and the breaking up of the camp, the pigeons will follow, the cots being carried by bearers (kuhár). Sometimes they will alight and take rest for a while, and then rise again.

It would be difficult to count the pigeons at Court; but there are more than twenty thousand. Five hundred of them are kháçah. They have a great reputation, and remarkable stories are told of their skill.

Pigeon trainers of former times, in order to determine the value of a pigeon, used to twist the foot, or looked to the slit of the eyes, or the openings on the top of the bill; but they failed to discover more signs of the value of a breed. His Majesty has discovered many more; and fixing the value of a pigeon, in former times a matter of great difficulty, has now become very easy. First. His Majesty subdivided the three signs of former trainers as follows: the two eyes, and their upper and lower signs; the eight claws; the two sides of the beak, above and below. The mutual comparison of these signs has led to many additional means of fixing the value of a pigeon. Secondly. His Majesty looks to the variety and the colour of the annular protuberances on the feet of pigeons. A book has been made, in which the systematic order of these signs has been laid down. According to them, His Majesty distinguishes ten classes, for each of which separate aviaries have been constructed. The price of pigeons in the first house has not been limited. Many a poor man anxious to make his way, has found in the training of superior pigeons a means of getting rich. A pair of second class pigeons has a value of 3 R.; third class, 2½ R.; fourth class, 2 R.; fifth class, 1½ R.; sixth class, 1 R.; seventh class, ¾ R.; eighth class, ½ R.; ninth and tenth classes, 3/8 R.

When inspections are held, the stock of Mohanah first pass in review; then the young ones of Ashkí. Though the latter belong to the former, they are now separately counted. Then come the four zirihí pigeons; they are the stock of a pigeon which belonged to Hájí 'Alí, of Samarqand, which coupled with an 'Udí hen, of which I do not know the owner; their stock has become famous. The precedence of all other pigeons is determined by their age or the time they were bought.

 

 

Magasí (fly-bitten); zirihí (steelblue); amírí (?); zamírí (a colour between zirihí and amírí; His Majesty invented this name); chíní (porce­lain blue); naftí (grey like naphta); shafaqí (violet); 'udí (aloewood coloured); surmaí (dark grey, like powder of antimony); kishmishí (dark brown, like currants); halwáí (light-brown like Halwá sweetmeat); çandalí (light-brown, like sandelwood); jigarí (brown); nabátí (greyish white); dúghí (bluish-white, like sour milk); wushkí (of the same colour as the gum called wushk;) jílání (chílání?); kúraí (brown, like a new earthen pot?); nílúfarí (bluish-white); azraq (a colour between yellow and brown; His Majesty applies this name in this sense); átashí (black brown); shaftálú (peach coloured); gul i gaz coloured (?); yellow; kághizí (yellowish, like native paper); zágh (grey like a crow); agrí (a colour between white and brown); muharraqí (a dirty black); khizrí (a colour between greenish and 'údí); ábí (water coloured); surmag (a name invented by His Majesty to express a colour between surmaí and magasí).

Pigeons of these colours have often different names, as gulsar (whose head resembles a flower); dumgházah (stumptail); yakrang (of one colour); halqúmsafíd (white throat); parsafíd (white wing); kallah (big head); ghazghazh (wild chick); mágh (name of an aquatic bird); bábarí (?); álpar (red wing?); kaltah par (short wing); máhdum (moontail); ṭauqdár (ring-bearer); marwárídsar (pearl head); mash'alahdum (torchtail); &c.

Some trainers of the present age gave pigeons such names as indicate their colours. His Majesty rather calls them according to their qualities, as bughur (?), qarapilk (with black eyelids); abyárí; palangnígárí; rekhtah pilk.

There are also many pigeons which do not perform charkhs and bázís, but are distinguished by their colours, or by peculiar tricks. Thus the Kokah pigeon, the voice of which sounds like the call to prayer. 2. The Baghah, which utters a peculiar voice in the morning, to wake up people. 3. The Luqqáṉ, which struts about proudly, wagging its head, neck, and tail. 4. The Loṭan. They turn it about, and let it off on the ground, when it will go through all the motions which a half killed fowl goes through. Some pigeons will do so when the keeper strikes his hand against the ground, and others will shew the same restlessness, when on leaving the cage their beak is made to touch the ground. 5. The K'herní. The cock shews a remarkable attachment to the hen. Though he fly up so high as to be no longer visible, if the hen be exposed in a cage, he will get restless and drop himself instantly down to join her. This is very remarkable. Some of them come down with both wings spread, others close one; some close both; or they change alternately the wing which they close in flying. 6. The Raṭ'h pigeon is chiefly used for carrying letters, though any other kind may be trained to bring letters even from great distances. 7. The Nisháwarí pigeon will fly up, and follow its cage to whatever place it be taken. It will fly out of sight, and stay away for a day or two, when it comes down, and remains in its cage. 8. The Parpá (having feet covered with feathers) will inhale air (?) and act as if it sighed.

Some pigeons are merely kept for the beauty of their plumage, the colours of which receive peculiar names. Thus some are called shírází, shústarí, káshání, jogiyah, rezahdahan, magasí, and qumrí. Wild pigeons are called golah. If some of them are caught, they will be joined by a thousand others; they soon get domesticated. They return daily to the fields, and get on their return salt water to drink. This makes them vomit the grain which they had eaten on the fields. The grain is collected and given as food to other pigeons.

People say that pigeons will but rarely live above thirty years.

Four sers of grain will be sufficient for one hundred of such pigeons as are made to fly; but for other pigeons, five sers are required; or seven and a half, if they pair. But flying pigeons get millet, not mixed with other grain; the others get a mixture of the seven kinds of grain, viz., rice, dál i nukhúd (gram), múng dál, millet, karar, lahdarah, juwár, (vide p. 63). Though most servants of His Majesty keep pigeons and shew much skill in training them, there are a few that have risen to eminence, as Qul 'Alí of Bukhárá, Mastí of Samarqand, Mullázádah, Púr i Mullá Ahmad Chand, Muqbil Khán Chelah, Khwájah Çandal Chelah, Múmín of Harát, 'Abdullaṭíf of Bukhárá, Hájí Qásim of Balkh, Habíb of Shahrsabz, Sikandar Chelah, Máltú, Maqçúd of Samarqand, Khwájah P'húl, Chelah Híránand.

The servants attached to the pigeon houses draw their pay on the list of the army. The pay of a foot soldier varies from 2 R. to 48 R. per mensem.